Rabdomiosarcoma laríngeo en un adulto, descripción de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Adult laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma. Case report and literature review

Resumen El rabdomiosarcoma laríngeo es un cáncer infrecuente en cabeza y cuello, y aún más en adultos. Describimos el caso de un varón de 55 años con un rabdomiosarcoma del músculo cricoaritenoideo posterior izquierdo tratado mediante laringectomía total y linfadenectomía funcional bilateral.

Abstract Laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma is an uncommon cancer in head and neck, especially in adults. We report a 55 years old male with a rhabdomyosarcoma from the left posterior cricoarytenoid muscle treated with a total laryngectomy and double functional cervical lymphadenectomy.

Análisis de supervivencia de carcinoma escamoso de laringe en una cohorte retrospectiva chilena del Hospital Carlos Van Buren de Valparaíso / Survival analysis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a chilean retrospective cohort at the Carlos Van Buren Hospital of Valparaíso

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer laríngeo es una de las neoplasias de cabeza y cuello más frecuentes, asociado al envejecimiento y a los hábitos de vida. Los análisis de supervivencia de cáncer laríngeo en Chile son escasos. Objetivo: Calcular y analizar la supervivencia y las características clínicas del cáncer laríngeo en pacientes del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Carlos Van Buren, Valparaíso, Chile. Material y Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de cohorte, incluyendo pacientes diagnosticados con carcinoma escamoso de laringe entre 2007 y 2018. Se calculó la supervivencia con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Se aplicaron las pruebas de log rank, t de Student y exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Se incluyeron 211 pacientes, 90,52% hombres, con un promedio de edad de 68 años. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue el tabaquismo. La ubicación tumoral más frecuente fue la glotis (59,44%) y el motivo de consulta más común la disfonía (52,66%). Un 70,48% presentó estadios avanzados. En 23,92% se realizó laringectomía total como tratamiento primario. La supervivencia global a 2 años fue de 86,6% en estadio precoz y 45,2% en estadio avanzado, mientras que a 5 años fue de 77,4% y 33%, respectivamente. Conclusión: La supervivencia estimada fue menor que en otros estudios nacionales, lo que puede asociarse al tamaño de la muestra analizada, a factores etarios y/o a mayor latencia de inicio de tratamiento. Se enfatiza el mejoramiento de los registros clínicos y la gestión sanitaria para un manejo oportuno.

Abstract Introduction: Laryngeal carcinoma is one of the most frequent head and neck neoplasms, being associated with ageing and lifestyles. In Chile, survival analyses of laryngeal carcinoma are scarce. Aim: To estimate and analyze the survival and clinical characteristics of laryngeal carcinoma in patients attended at the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Carlos Van Buren Hospital, Valparaíso, Chile. Material and Method: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including patients diagnosed with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2007 and 2018. Kaplan-Meier estimator was applied for survival analysis. Log rank test, Student's t-test and Fisher's exact test were applied. Results: 211 patients were included, 90,52% were men, with an average age of 68 years. The main risk factor was smoking (80%). The most frequent tumor location was in the glottis (59,44%) and the most frequent reason for consultation was dysphonia (52,66%). Most cases (70,48%) presented at advanced stages. Laryngectomy was performed as a primary treatment in 23,92%. The 2-year overall survival rate was 86,6% for early stages and 45,2% for advanced stages; the 5-year overall survival rate was 77,4% and 33%, respectively. Conclusion: The estimated survival rate was lower than those referred by other national studies, which may be associated with the analyzed sample size, age-related factors and/or period of latency until the beginning of treatment. We emphasize the necessity of an improvement in clinical records and the health management to the timely treatment.

Efeito imediato da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular na deglutição após tratamento do câncer de laringe: relato de caso / Immediate effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on deglutition after treatment of laryngeal cancer: a case report

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito imediato da Estimulação Elétrica Neuromuscular (EENM) sensorial e motora, nas fases oral e faríngea da deglutição, em um homem de 64 anos, após tratamento de câncer de laringe. Foi realizado exame de videofluoroscopia durante a deglutição de 5 ml de mel e pudim, em três condições: sem estimulação, com EENM sensorial, com EENM motora, definidas de forma randomizada. Foi classificado o grau da disfunção da deglutição (DOSS), a presença de estase de alimentos (escala de Eisenhuber), de penetração laríngea e aspiração laringotraqueal (PAS), além da medida do tempo de trânsito oral e faríngeo, realizadas por uma avaliadora sem conhecimento sobre o estímulo aplicado. Na escala DOSS, houve melhora com a estimulação sensorial e motora. Na escala PAS, verificou-se melhora, tanto para o estímulo sensorial quanto motor na consistência mel, porém observou-se piora no estímulo motor para a consistência pudim. Houve diminuição dos resíduos em base de língua com estímulo sensorial e motor para as consistências pudim e mel; piora no estímulo motor na parede posterior da faringe para a consistência mel. Em relação ao tempo de trânsito oral e faríngeo, não foi observada diferença entre os níveis de estimulações. Os resultados demonstraram que a EENM em nível sensorial e motor melhorou o grau da disfagia em um indivíduo após o tratamento de câncer de laringe, com maiores benefícios do nível sensorial em relação ao motor no que diz respeito à presença de penetração e resíduos.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to verify the immediate effect of sensory and motor neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), in the oral and pharyngeal phases of deglutition, in a 64 year male patient after laryngeal cancer treatment. Videofluoroscopy was performed during deglutition of 5 ml of honey and pudding, under three conditions: without stimulation, with sensory NMES, with motor NMES, randomly defined. The degree of dysfunction of deglutition (DOSS), the presence of food stasis (Eisenhuber scale), laryngeal penetration and laryngotracheal aspiration (PAS) and oral and pharyngeal transit time were evaluated. An evaluator without knowing about the applied stimulus. On the DOSS scale there was improvement with sensory and motor stimulation. In the PAS scale, there was improvement, both for the sensorial and motor stimulus in the honey consistency, but the worsening of the motor stimulus for the pudding consistency was observed. There was reduction of the residues in the base of the tongue with sensorial and motor stimulus for the consistency of pudding and honey; worsening motor stimulus in the posterior wall of the pharynx for honey consistency. There was no difference between stimulation levels regarding to oral and pharyngeal transit time. The results showed that NMES at the sensory and motor levels improved the degree of dysphagia in an individual after the treatment of laryngeal cancer, with greater benefits of the sensory level in relation to the motor regarding to the presence of penetration and residues.

Papilomatosis laríngea: una causa poco frecuente de disfonía en el niño. Serie de casos / Laryngeal papillomatosis: A rare cause of dysphonia in the child. Case series

La papilomatosis laríngea juvenil es una enfermedad infrecuente causada por el virus del papiloma humano, principalmente, los tipos 6 y 11. Es el tumor laríngeo benigno más común en los niños. Debe pensarse, en esta patología, en todo niño con disfonía persistente y progresiva, acompañada o no de estridor y dificultad respiratoria. La laringoscopía flexible con anestesia local permite visualizar las típicas lesiones de características verrugosas. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante la anatomía patológica. El tratamiento existente es paliativo y consiste, principalmente, en la escisión quirúrgica de los papilomas para mantener la vía aérea sin obstrucción y mejorar la calidad de la voz, pero tiene una alta tasa de recidiva. Se presentan 20 pacientes con papilomatosis laríngea juvenil. Se describen las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta patología.

Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis is an uncommon disease caused by human papilloma virus, mainly types 6 and 11. It is the most common benign laryngeal tumor in children. This condition should be suspected in any children with persistent and progressive dysphonia with or without stridor and respiratory distress. Flexible laryngoscopy under local anesthesia allows to visualize the typical wart-like lesions. The diagnosis is confirmed by pathological anatomy. Existing treatment is palliative and consists mainly of the surgical excision of the papillomas to maintain the airway without obstruction and to improve the quality of the voice, but it has a high rate of relapse. We present 20 patients with juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis. We describe the clinical manifestations, the diagnostic methods and the treatment of this pathology.

Correlação da desvantagem vocal e qualidade de vida em deglutição de pacientes com câncer de laringe submetidos à quimiorradioterapia / Correlation between the Voice Handicap and Swallowing Quality of Life in patients with laryngeal cancer submitted to chemoradiotherapy

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a correlação entre desvantagem vocal e a qualidade de vida em deglutição de indivíduos que foram submetidos ao tratamento quimiorradioterápico para câncer de laringe. Método Estudo transversal, observacional e quantitativo do qual participaram 14 indivíduos do gênero masculino diagnosticados com câncer de laringe, que, para tratamento, fizeram uso exclusivo de quimiorradioterapia. Aplicaram-se os instrumentos Índice de Desvantagem Vocal e Protocolo de Qualidade de Vida em Deglutição SWAL-QoL. Fez-se análise descritiva e, em seguida, aplicou-se o teste de Correlação de Spearman para verificar se havia correlação entre os escores dos instrumentos aplicados. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos os valores de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados Não houve correlação significativa entre os domínios total do IDV e global do SWAl-QoL, porém houve correlação significante entre os domínios "Funcional" do IDV e os domínios "Fadiga" e "Social" do Swal-Qol; domínio "Orgânico" do IDV com o domínio "Social" do SWAL-QoL; escore total do IDV, com o domínio de "Deglutição como um fardo" do SWAL-QoL. Além disso, foi possível observar que o tratamento quimiorradioterápico ocasionou maior impacto em relação à voz do que em relação à deglutição para os pacientes estudados. Conclusão Os dados demonstraram correlação significante entre a desvantagem vocal e o impacto da qualidade de vida em deglutição de pacientes com câncer de laringe submetidos à quimiorradioterapia, podendo afetar seu estado emocional e sua socialização, piorando assim, sua qualidade de vida de modo geral.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the correlation between the voice handicap and swallowing quality of life in individuals submitted to chemoradiotherapy for laryngeal cancer treatment. Methods Cross-sectional, observational and quantitative study. Fourteen male individuals diagnosed with laryngeal cancer were submitted to exclusive chemoradiotherapy treatment. The individuals completed the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and the Swallowing Quality of Life (SWAL-QOL) questionnaires. Data were submitted to descriptive and inferential analysis using Spearman's Correlation Test to verify possible correlations among the scores of these instruments. Values of p ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results No significant correlation was found between the total VHI and overall SWAL-QOL scores. However, there was significant correlation between the domain Functional of the VHI and the domains Fatigue and Social of the SWAL-QOL, between the domain Organic in the VHI and the SWAL-QOL domain Social, and total VHI score and SWAL-QOL domain Swallowing as a burden. Furthermore, chemoradiotherapy treatment had a greater impact on the voice than on the swallowing for the studied individuals. Conclusion The data showed a significant correlation between voice handicap and the impact of quality of life involving swallowing in individuals with laryngeal cancer submitted to chemoradiotherapy. This may affect individuals' emotional and social aspects, impacting their overall quality of life.

Desvantagem vocal e estratégias de enfrentamento nas disfonias após laringectomias / Vocal handicap and coping strategy in dysphonia after laryngectomy

RESUMO Introdução O tratamento para o câncer de laringe acarreta mudanças significativas na qualidade de vida. Objetivo Avaliar e comparar a desvantagem vocal e as estratégias de enfrentamento para lidar com o comprometimento vocal resultante de laringectomias supracricoide e total. Métodos Foram avaliados 17 sujeitos, divididos em dois grupos, sendo um com oito sujeitos, todos do gênero masculino, que se submeteram à laringectomia parcial supracricoide, com cricohioidoepiglotopexia, média de idade 67,5 anos, e um segundo grupo com nove sujeitos, sendo duas mulheres e sete homens, que se submeteram à laringectomia total, média de idade 64,3 anos. Todos responderam às questões do protocolo Índice de Desvantagem Vocal-10 (IDV-10) e do Protocolo de Estratégias de Enfrentamento na Disfonia (PEED-27). Resultados Os valores médios dos escores brutos obtidos no IDV-10, nos dois grupos, não revelaram diferenças, sendo os índices de desvantagem compatíveis com estudos de vozes disfônicas de diferentes tipos. Ambos os grupos utilizavam um número elevado de estratégias de enfrentamento do problema de voz. O primeiro grupo apresentou 65,75 como média de escores brutos e o segundo, 59,22. Conclusão A comparação entre sujeitos que se submeteram a laringectomia supracricoide e aqueles submetidos à laringectomia total não evidenciou diferenças, no que se refere à autoavaliação da voz, desvantagem vocal e estratégias de enfrentamento do problema de voz. Os dois grupos utilizavam mais que o dobro de estratégias de enfrentamento do problema de voz, com predomínio de foco na emoção.

ABSTRACT Introduction The laryngeal cancer treatment causes significant changes in the quality of life. Purpose To assess and compare the vocal handicap and the coping strategies to deal with the vocal handicap resulting from supracricoid and total laryngectomy. Methods Analytical, prospective observational study of groups of subjects with the same disease. Seventeen subjects were assessed and divided in two groups; the first with eight male subjects submitted to supracricoid partial laryngectomy, with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy, mean age of 67,5; and a second group with nine subjects, two women and seven men, submitted to total laryngectomy, mean age of 64,3. All subjects answered the Vocal Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) and the Coping Strategies in Dysphonia Protocol (PEED-27). Results The mean values of raw scores obtained with the VHI-10 by the two groups did not reveal significant differences, matching studies involving dysphonic patients. Both groups use an elevated number of coping strategies for vocal problems: the first group presented mean raw scores of 65,75 and the second group, 59,22. Conclusion The comparison between subjects submitted to supracricoid laryngectomy and total laryngectomy does not evidence differences concerning the self-assessment of voice, vocal handicap and coping strategies to deal with vocal problems. Both groups use more than the double of coping strategies for vocal problems, with a predominant focus on emotion.

Uso de Láser diodo de 1470 nm en el tratamiento del carcinoma escamoso de laringe (Tis, T1 y T2) en adultos mayores / 4170 nm diode Laser use in the treatment of laringeal squamous carcinoma (Tis, T1 and T2) in elderly adults / Usando diodo laser 1470 nm, no tratamento do carcinoma de celulas escamosas da laringe (Tis, T1 y T2) em idosos

Introducción: entre las diferentes modalidades terapéuticas para el carcinoma escamoso de laringe en estadios iniciales, la cirugía transoral láser (CTL) constituye el tratamiento de elección. El láser de CO2 es aceptado universalmente como la mejor herramienta terapéutica en este sentido. En situaciones de no poder acceder a esa tecnología, es posible utilizar otros instrumentos para resección en CTL (radiofrecuencia, electrobisturí). Entre estas, nuestro equipo de trabajo ha implementado el uso del láser de diodo de 1470 nm. En el presente trabajo describimos los resultados preliminares en el tratamiento de estadios tempranos del carcinoma escamoso de laringe con CTL. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó el láser de diodo de 1470 nm en pacientes adultos mayores realizados entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Dr. C. Milstein. Resultados: Se trataron 32 pacientes con cáncer de laringe, de los cuales se incluyeron 21, todos mayores de 65 años, con carcinoma escamoso de laringe estadio Tis T1 y T2 sin compromiso cervical ni metastásico y sin tratamiento oncológico previo. De los 21 pacientes incluidos, a 19 se les realizó una única intervención y dos fueron reintervenidos con la misma técnica. Conclusiones: El uso del láser diodo de 1470 nm para el tratamiento del carcinoma escamoso de laringe en estadios iniciales ha permitido controlar la enfermedad en los 21 pacientes intervenidos con esta tecnología, en un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 21 meses. La CTL con láser de diodo se presenta como una opción válida para el tratamiento del cáncer de laringe en estadios iniciales.

Introduction: among the different therapeutic modalities for squamous carcinoma of the larynx in early stages, transoral laser surgery (CTL) is the treatment of choice. Materials and methods: CO2 laser is universally accepted as the best therapeutic tool in this regard. In situations of not being able to access that technology, it is possible to use other CTL resection instruments (radiofrequency, electro-scalpel). Among these, our work team has implemented the use of 1470 nm diode laser. In the present work we describe the preliminary results in the treatment of early stages of squamous carcinoma of the larynx with CTL using 1470 nm diode laser in elderly patients performed between January 2012 and December 2015 at the Otorhinolaryngology Service of Dr. Hospital C. Milstein. Results: Thirty-two patients with laryngeal cancer were treated, including 21, all over 65 years old, with squamous carcinoma of the Tis T1 and T2 larynx without cervical or metastatic involvement and without prior cancer treatment. Of the 21 patients included, 19 were given a single intervention and two were retreated with the same techniqu Conclusions: The use of laser 1470 nm diode for the treatment of squamous carcinoma of the larynx in early stages has allowed the control of the disease in the 21 patients operated with this technology, in an average follow-up time of 21 months. The CTL with diode laser is presented as a valid option for the treatment of laryngeal cancer in initial stages.

Introdução: entre os vários tratamentos para o carcinoma de células escamosas da laringe em modalidades estágios iniciais, laser cirurgia transoral (CTL) é o tratamento de escolha. O laser de CO2 é universalmente aceito como a melhor ferramenta terapêutica a este respeito. Em situações de não ter acesso a essa tecnologia, é possível usar outros instrumentos para CTL ressecção (radiofreqüência, eletrocautério). Materiais e métodos: Entre estes, a nossa equipa implementou o uso de diodo laser 1470 nm. Neste artigo descrevemos os resultados preliminares no tratamento do carcinoma de células escamosas da laringe, com CTL estágios iniciais utilizando o laser de diodo 1470 nm em pacientes idosos realizadas entre Janeiro de 2012 e Dezembro de 2015, Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital Dr. C. Milstein. Resultados: 32 pacientes com câncer de laringe, das quais 21 foram incluídos, todos com mais de 65 anos com carcinoma epidermóide de laringe Tis T1 e T2 sem ou compromisso de cancro cervical metastático e sem tratamento foram tratados. Dos 21 pacientes incluídos, 19 pacientes foram submetidos a uma única intervenção e dois eram reintevenidos com a mesma técnica. Conclusão: O uso de 1.470 nm diodo laser para o tratamento de carcinoma de células escamosas da laringe em estágios iniciais ajudou a controlar a doença em 21 pacientes tratados com esta tecnologia, em um seguimento médio de 21 meses. CTL diodo laser é apresentado como uma opção válida para o tratamento de carcinoma da laringe, em fases iniciais.

Transoral CO2 Laser Microsurgery Outcomes for Early Glottic Carcinomas T1-T2

Abstract Introduction Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) has won territory in larynx oncology, establishing itself as an effective option in treatment of glottic, supraglottic, and hypopharynx tumors. Its advantages include limited resections, a reduction in number of tracheostomies, and the use of nasogastric tubes. Moreover, its oncological benefits are similar to those from open surgery in patients with early or advanced stages, when correctly selected. Objective The objective of this study is to review oncologic outcomes obtained with the treatment of a series of glottic tumors, treated by TLM. Methods Retrospective analysis of patients previously untreated, diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the glottis (T1a, T1b, T2) in a tertiary university hospital. Endpoints for analysis were local control, overall and disease-specific survival, and larynx preservation rate. Results The study group included 58 patients that met the inclusion criteria: 57 (98.3%) men and 1 (1.7%) woman. Mean age was 65.5 10.7 years (Min: 46/Max: 88). The tumor stages of the patients included were 30 T1a, 11 (19%) T1b, and 17 (29.3%) T2. Three-year overall survival rate was 89.7% (Fig. 1), and three-year disease-specific survival rate was 96.5%, three-year local control rate was 98.3%, and three-year organ preservation rate was 98.3%. Conclusion TLM is a safe and effective option in the treatment of glottis carcinomas, associated with less morbidity and a high percentage of local control, overall survival, specific survival, and organ preservation.

Estridores laríngeos supraglóticos / Supraglottic laryngeal stridors / Estridores laríngeos supraglóticos

Toda obstrucción de la vía aérea se expresa por un estridor que será diferente según la localización de la obstrucción. El estridor es un ruido ocasionado por el pasaje de aire en forma turbulenta a través de una vía aérea con calibre disminuido. Cuando la obstrucción se ubica por encima de las cuerdas vocales el estridor será inspiratorio. Describimos diferentes patologías de la laringe supraglótica, congénitas y adquiridas, que presentan estridor en algún momento de su evolución.

An obstructed airway causes stridor. Stridor willbe different depending on the location of the obstruction. Stridor is a noise caused by the passage ofturbulent air through a diminished airway caliber. If the obstruction occurs above the vocal cords, itwill be inspiratory. We describe different pathologies of the supraglotticlarynx, both congenital and acquired, producingstridor at some moment of their evolution.

Uma via aérea obstruída provoca estridor. Estridor será diferente dependendo da localização da obstrução. Estridor é um ruído causado pela passagemdo ar turbulento através de uma diminuição do calibre das vias aéreas. Nós descrevemos diferentes patologias da laringe supraglótica, tanto congênitas e adquiridas, que apresentam stridor em algum momento de sua evolução.

Larynx cancer: quality of life and voice after treatment / Câncer de laringe: qualidade de vida e voz pós-tratamento

INTRODUCTION: Treatment for patients with larynx cancer often results in a negative impact on their physical, social and psychological functions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate quality of life and voice in patients treated for advanced laryngeal cancer as a consequence of surgery or exclusive chemoradiation. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study with 30 patients free of disease: 10 total laryngectomy patients without production of esophageal speech (EVS); 10 Total laryngectomy patients with tracheoesophageal voice (TEV) and 10 patients with laryngeal voice. Quality of life was measured by SF-36; Voice-Related Quality of Life (V-RQOL) and Voice Handicap Index (VHI) protocols, applied on the same day. RESULTS: The SF-36 demonstrated that patients who received chemoradiotherapy exclusively enjoyed a feature better quality of life than the group of TEV and EVS. In V-RQOL it was observed that the quality of life related to voice is lower than in the EVS. In the VHI group EVS presented higher scores for overall VHI, emotional, functional and organic. DISCUSSION: Quality of life and voice in patients treated with chemoradiotherapy was better than in patients treated surgically. CONCLUSION: The type of medical treatment selected in patients with laryngeal cancer can influence changes in quality of life and voice. .

INTRODUÇÃO: Tratamentos para pacientes com câncer de laringe podem ter grande impacto negativo na função física, social e psicológica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar qualidade de vida e voz de pacientes tratados de câncer avançado de laringe por meio cirúrgico ou quimioradioterapia exclusiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo coorte retrospectivo com 30 pacientes livres da doença: sendo 10 laringectomizados totais sem produção de voz esofágica (SVE); 10 laringectomizados totais com voz traqueoesofágica (VTE) e 10 com voz laríngea. A qualidade de vida foi mensurada pelos protocolos SF-36; Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV) e Índice de Desvantagem Vocal (IDV), aplicados no mesmo dia. RESULTADOS: No SF-36, observou-se que pacientes que receberam quimioradioterapia exclusiva apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida do que o grupo de VTE e SVE. No QVV observou-se que a qualidade de vida relacionada à voz é menor no grupo SVE. No IDV grupo, SVE apresentou escore maior para IDV total, emocional, funcional e orgânica. DISCUSSÃO: Qualidade de vida e voz dos pacientes tratados com quimioradioterapia e melhor do que os pacientes tratados cirurgicamente. CONCLUSÃO: O tipo de tratamento médico utilizado em pacientes com câncer de laringe pode trazer alterações na qualidade de vida e voz. .

Cáncer de laringe en niños: Caso clínico / Laryngeal cancer in children: Case report

El carcinoma escamoso de laringe es muy raro en niños y adolescentes. Suele ser diagnosticado en estadios tardíos debido a los síntomas iniciales, atribuidos al proceso madurativo laríngeo o a otras enfermedades pediátricas más comunes. La visualización temprana de las cuerdas vocales con laringoscopia fexible es importante en niños que se presentan con síntomas sugestivos de patología laríngea. El diagnóstico de certeza de carcinoma lo proporciona la biopsia y el diagnóstico diferencial principal es la papilomatosis laríngea juvenil. El tratamiento constituye un desafío. No existen protocolos establecidos y se debe realizar un esfuerzo especial para preservar las funciones de la laringe y evitar complicaciones a largo plazo. Presentamos un niño de 12 años con carcinoma laríngeo invasor, sin historia previa de papilomatosis juvenil ni radioterapia, que respondió favorablemente al tratamiento con quimioterapia y radioterapia.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx is very rare in children and adolescents. It is usually diagnosed at late stages because early symptoms are often attributed to the maturation process or other common laryngeal pediatric diseases. Early visualization of vocal cords with fexible laryngoscopy is important in children presenting suggestive symptoms of laryngeal pathology. Defnitive diagnosis of carcinoma is made by biopsy, and juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis the most important differential diagnosis. Treatment constitutes a clinical challenge. There are no established protocols, and clinicians should make a special effort to preserve the functions of the larynx, and avoid long term complications. We present a 12-years-old child with invasive laryngeal carcinoma, without prior history of juvenile papillomatosis or radiotherapy, which responded favorably to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Clinical evaluation of normal tissue toxicity induced by ionizing radiation in cases of larygeal carcinoma

Laryngeal cancer is the second most frequent head and neck cancer in the Brazilian male population. For treatment, radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is now used in substitution for total laryngectomy, becoming the standard treatment for advanced larynx cancer cases, with the aim of organ preservation. However, this method needs assessment of the side effects caused to normal tissue and organ functionality after treatment and the relation of these clinical factors to the individual characteristics of patients. Thus, the clinical characteristics of 229 patients with laryngeal cancer treated with radiotherapy were evaluated by medical records analysis in relation to normal tissue radiosensibility. Significant relations between smoking (p = 0.018) and combined chemoradiotherapy assistance (p = 0.03) were identified with high frequency of treatment suspension cases. The application of combined chemoradiotherapy also resulted in a higher incidence of oral mucositis (p = 0.04), xerostomia (p = 0.001) and treatment side effects to GIT (p = 0.04). Advanced clinical staging was associated with worse prognosis (p = 0.002) and a higher occurrence of treatment failure (p < 0.001). Radiotherapy was also less effective depending on the primary tumor location (p = 0.001)

Tratamiento del cáncer de laringe experiencia en el Instituto Oncológico Doctor Luis Razetti / Laryngeal cancer treatment experience in the Oncology Institute Doctor Luis Razetti

El cáncer de laringe representa un 20%-25% de los carcinomas de cabeza y cuello. Actualmente su tratamiento incluye diversas modalidades, desde cirugía para enfermedad localizada hasta esquemas concurrentes de quimioterapia y radioterapia para estadios avanzados. Evaluar los resultados del tratamiento del carcinoma laríngeo en nuestra institución en el período 2000-2009; por lo que se realizó un estudio retrospectivo analítico basado en las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico histopatológico de carcinoma laríngeo, en estadios precoces y avanzados no metastásicos. El objetivo primario del estudio es evaluar la supervivencia global, según el estadiaje y/o las modalidades terapéuticas. Los objetivos secundarios incluyen supervivencia libre de enfermedad y supervivencia libre de laringectomía. Un total de 187 pacientes, la sobrevida global fue significativamente mayor en estadios precoces comparado a estadios avanzados (P=0,023). La sobrevida global en estadios avanzados no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas independientemente de la modalidad de tratamiento aplicado. La sobrevida libre de laringectomía y libre de enfermedad muestra una tendencia preliminar a favor del tratamiento concurrente definitivo en estadios avanzados. La sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad en estadios precoces no presentó variación de acuerdo a la modalidad del tratamiento definitivo (P=0,086). La radioterapia ofrece una eficacia comparable a la cirugía en estadios precoces, el tratamiento multimodal de estadios avanzados permite una mayor sobrevida libre de laringectomía y libre de enfermedad sin impacto aparente en la sobrevida global en relación con la cirugía radical.

The laryngeal cancer accounts for 20%- 25% of all the head and neck carcinomas. The current treatment includes various forms ranging from surgery for localized disease to concurrent schemes chemotherapy and radiotherapy for the advanced stages. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma at our institution in the period 2000-2009. For what was done a retrospective study based on medical records of patients with histopathological diagnosis of laryngeal carcinoma, stage early and in advanced non-metastatic. The primary objective is to evaluate overall survival, according to the staging and or therapeutic modalities we used. The secondary end points included disease free survival, laringectomy free survival. For a total of 187 patients, the overall survival was significantly higher in early stages compared to advanced stages (P=0.023). The global survival in advanced stages did not differ statistically significant regardless of the type of treatment we applied. The free laringectomy survival and the disease free survival show atrend in favor of the preliminary final concurrent treatment in the advanced stages. The overall survival and disease free survival in early stages did not present variation according to the definitive treatment modality (P= 0.086). Radiotherapy offers comparable efficacy to surgery in early stages, multimodal treatment for advanced stages allows greater laringectomy free survival and disease free survival without apparent impact on overall free survival in relation to the radical surgery.

Cáncer glótico temprano: influencia del tratamiento primario en la funcionalidad de la voz / Early glottic cancer: influence of primary treatment on the performance voice

Objetivo: Describir en pacientes con cáncer glótico temprano tratado con cirugía y radioterapia, la calidad y funcionalidad de la voz. Diseño: Estudio de serie de casos. Materiales y métodos: Los parámetros objetivos de la voz fueron evaluados con análisis acústico. La funcionalidad de la voz fue evaluada con el índice de incapacidad vocal (VHI). El análisis estadístico fue realizado con SPSS 11.5 y SuperSMITHWeibull. Resultados: 12 sujetos que recibieron tratamiento para cáncer glótico temprano fueron incluidos en la muestra. El seguimiento clínico fue de 53.1 meses en promedio. El control de la enfermedad se observó en 100% de los casos, sin recaídas. El análisis acústico evaluó lafrecuencia fundamental de la voz, que fue normal en 63,6% de los casos; adicionalmente las medidas del Jitter y Shimmer fueron anormales en todos los pacientes. El valor del índice de incapacidad mostró una disfuncionalidad leve en 58,4% de los casos y normal en 41,6% de los casos. Conclusionese importancia clínica: El manejo del cáncer glótico temprano con cirugía y radioterapia resultó en una alteración de los parámetros objetivos de la voz en todos los sujetos; sin embargo, en nuestra muestra los pacientes refieren poca o ninguna disfuncionalidad en la vida diaria.

Objective: To describe on an adult population with early glottic cancer, treated with surgery and radiotherapy, the voice quality and functional outcome. Design: Case series study. Materials andMethods: Voice parameters were assessed using acoustic analysis. Voice functional outcome was evaluated with the voice handicap index (VHI). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software SPSS 11.5 and SuperSMITHWeibull. Results: 12 subjects that received treatment for early glottic cancer were included in the sample. The subjects were followed up during an average of 53.1 months. Effective control of disease without relapse was observed in 100% of the cases. The acoustic analysis assessed the fundamental frequency which was normal in 63,63% of the cases. Moreover, the mean of the Jitter and Shimmer was abnormal in the whole sample. The voice handicap index revealed a mild impairment in 58,4% of subjects, and was normal in 41,6% of cases. Conclusion and clinical significance: The management of early glottic cancer with surgery and radiotherapy resulted in alterations of objective voice parameters in the whole sample, however the patients report mild or none voice dysfunction on their daily life.

Retardo diagnóstico e terapêutico em pacientes com câncer da laringe em hospital público de referência / Diagnostic and therapeutic delay in patients with larynx cancer at a reference public hospital

O carcinoma epidermoide da laringe, apesar dos sintomas precoces, ainda é frequentemente diagnosticado em estádio avançado. Apesar da demora até chegar ao atendimento especializado, o tempo despendido no diagnóstico e a espera para o tratamento definitivo também são importantes para o resultado final. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o intervalo de tempo entre a primeira consulta no especialista e o tratamento nos pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide da laringe. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte histórica longitudinal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo de 272 pacientes com carcinoma epidermoide da laringe atendidos consecutivamente entre janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2004. Avaliadas as características clínicas e epidemiológicas, assim como sua relação com o tempo despendido entre a consulta inicial e o tratamento. RESULTADO: O intervalo de tempo entre a primeira consulta e o início do tratamento apresentou mediana de 49 dias e média de 57 dias. Não houve diferença em relação ao estadiamento, faixa etária, sexo, naturalidade ou escolaridade. CONCLUSÃO: O tempo entre o atendimento inicial com especialista e o início do tratamento apresentou mediana de 49 dias, similar ao relatado em outros estudos.

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is very often diagnosed at advanced stages. The time interval between the specialist consultation and the start of treatment may contribute to better outcomes. AIM: the interval assessment between the first specialist evaluation and the treatment of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: longitudinal historical cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 272 consecutive patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma seen between January, 1996 and December of 2004. Clinical and epidemiological data were evaluated, as well as their association with the time interval between the first specialist visit and the start of treatment. RESULT: the median time between first evaluation and treatment was 49 days. There was no relationship with gender, age, birth place, disease stage or education. CONCLUSION: the treatment median delay was 49 days, similar to what has been reported in other studies.

Comportamiento de laringectomía total: Provincia Holguín 2004-2009 / Behavior of the total laryngectomy: Holguin Province: 2004-2009

Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo longitudinal, sobre el comportamiento de la laringectomía total y sus principales complicaciones en nuestro hospital durante 6 años. Existió un predominio del sexo masculino con 85,2% y en la década de 60-70 años, el 91,3% de los pacientes refirieron algún hábito tóxico, siendo los síntomas clínicos predominantes la Disfonía y Disnea con un 46,9%, el tiempo de evolución de los síntomas en la primera consulta fue de 7-9 meses para el 31,1%, el 60,5% de lospacientes tenían nódulos linfáticos cervicales en el momento del diagnóstico. La más temida de las complicaciones del paciente laringectomizado los faringostomas sólo se presentaron en un 3,7%, lo que representa un verdadero logro de la cirugía laríngea de nuestro trabajo.

We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study on the behavior of the total laryngectomy and its major complications in our hospital for 6 years. There was a predominance of males with 85.2% and in the decade from 60-70 years, 91.3% of the patients reported any toxic habits, being predominantclinical symptoms of dysphonia and dyspnea 46.9%, the time evolution of symptoms at the first visit of 7-9 months was 31.1%, 60.5% of patients had cervical lymph nodes at diagnosis. The most feared complications of the laryngectomized patient pharyngostoma only occurred in 3.7%, which representsa real achievement for laryngeal surgery in our work.

Demografía del cáncer laríngeo en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología / Demographic data of laryngeal cancer at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico City

Objetivo: Describir los datos demográficos de los pacientes atendidos con diagnóstico de cáncer laríngeo en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Material y métodos: Se revisaron los expedientes de 500 pacientes atendidos entre 1986 y 2002. Resultados: Se encontraron 452 hombres (90.4 %) y 48 mujeres (9.6 %), en una relación hombre:mujer de 10.6:1. La media de edad fue de 62.37 años; predominaron los pacientes con edad entre 56 y 70 años. El tabaquismo y el alcoholismo estuvieron presentes en la mayoría. El síntoma cardinal de inicio fue disfonía en 458 (91.6 %). La media de evolución de la sintomatología fue de 11.6 meses. La localización del tumor más común fue la glotis (61.6 %). En 142 pacientes (28.4 %) se encontraron tumores tempranos (T1-T2) y en 354 (70.8 %), tumores tardíos (T3-T4). Clínicamente 165 pacientes (33.0 %) tuvieron adenopatías palpables desde el inicio (33.0 %) y 13 (2.6 %), metástasis al momento del diagnóstico. La histología en 483 (96.6 %) fue epidermoide; 325 recibieron tratamiento. Las recurrencias fueron locales en 146 (44.9 %), regionales en nueve (2.8 %) y a distancia en uno (0.3 %). En 169 pacientes (52 %) se logró un adecuado control del tumor primario. La media de supervivencia de los 325 pacientes fue 38 meses. Conclusiones: El cáncer laríngeo es una entidad potencialmente curable. Ante disfonía mayor de un mes de evolución se debe hacer diagnóstico diferencial de cáncer. El pronóstico en la supervivencia de los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer laríngeo está determinado por el estadio clínico inicial.

BACKGROUND: We undertook this study to describe the demographic data of patients with laryngeal cancer treated at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Mexico City. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical files from 1986 to 2002, revealing 500 patients. RESULTS: Included were 452 men (90.4%) and 48 women (9.6%) (M:F ratio--10.6:1). Average age of patients was 62.37 years. The highest incidence of patients was among those aged 56 to 70 years. Smoking and alcoholism were present in most patients from this series. The cardinal symptom of presentation was dysphonia in 458 patients (91.6%). The mean evolution time of symptomatology was 11.6 months. The most common localization of the tumor was the glottis (61.6%). One hundred forty two patients (28.4%) presented early-stage tumors (T1-T2) and 354 patients (70.8%) presented with late-stage tumors (T3-T4). Clinically, 165 patients (33.0%) presented adenopathies and 13 patients (2.6%) had metastases at the time of diagnosis; 483 patients (96.6%) presented with invasive epidermoid cancer. Of these, 325 patients received treatment. One hundred forty six patients (44.9%) presented local recurrence, in nine patients (2.8%) there was regional recurrence, and one patient (0.3%) recurred with a distant tumor. Adequate control of the primary tumor was achieved with the established treatment in 169 patients (52%). verage survival time of the 325 treated patients was 38 months. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer of the larynx is a potentially curable entity. In any patient with major dysphonia of >1 month evolution, a differential diagnosis of cancer must be made. The survival prognosis for patients with cancer of the larynx is determined by the initial clinical stage.

Experiencia de 20 años en tratamiento conservador del cáncer de laringe estadio III y IV operable del equipo multidisciplinario del Instituto Angel H Roffo / 20 Years experience with organ preservation in resecable stage III and IV laryngeal cancer by a multidisciplinary of them the

The classic treatment of the laryngeal resectable stage III and IV epi-dermoid cancer is: surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Only on scarce occasions these patients can accede to organ preservation conserving correct phonetics and deglution with absence of aspiration. In most of the occasions the procedure of choice is total laryngectomy with or without cervical emptying if it is necessary. Since the end of the '80s. we have developed strategies for organ preservation of the tumors of the head and neck. Despite the implementation of the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the later use of chemoradiotherapy simultaneously or the introduction of monoclonal antibodies anti EGFR (anti epidemic growth receptor factor), the rate of survival of the tumors in resectabale stage III and IV epidermoid carcinoma remains stable. The authors present their experience with the management of these patients, considering that the two main objectives for the development of new strategies for the treatment of laryngeal cancer are to raise the rate of survival, and the rate of larynx preservation. La rynx preservation using induction chemotherapy plus radiation therapy, and preservation in cases of advance laryngeal cancer treated with platinum, are also considered. Preservation using neoadjuvant chemotherapy is also detailed. The authors presents their experience with the management of these patients.

Evolución de la terapia de preservación laríngea / Evolution of the therapy for laryngeal preservation in patients with laryngeal cancer

Previo a los protocolos de preservación, el estándar de cuidado para la mayoría de los carcinomas escamosos T3 y T4 era laringectomía total y radioterapia adyuvante postoperatoria... El desafío que enfrentan los protocolos para cáncer laríngeo avanzado es, cómo equilibrar óptimamente el control de enfermedad mientras se retiene la laringe, priorizando la calidad de vida. Varios estudios multicéntricos demostraron la posibilidad de preservación de órganos en pacientes con cáncer avanzado laríngeo e hipofaríngeo, basados en que la quimioterapia neoadyuvante resultaba en altas tasas de regresión tumoral y mejor radiorespuesta.